Measurements for assessing acute and chronic rejection in animal models
| Category | Acute rejection models | Chronic rejection models |
|---|---|---|
| Histopathology | • Tissue biopsies for cellular infiltration and damage | • Longitudinal analysis for fibrosis, vascular changes, and tissue remodeling |
| Serum biomarkers | • Monitoring cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IFN-γ) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1) • Assessment of donor-specific alloantibodies |
• Assessment of donor-specific alloantibodies |
| Functional tests | • Elevation of serum creatinine in renal transplant models • Cessation of cardiac pulse in cardiac transplant models • Hyperglycemia in islet transplant models |
• Tracking organ-specific function (e.g., serum creatinine levels) |
| Graft survival | • Graft failure is examined using the above measurements • Survival analysis is employed to compare grafts under different conditions or treatments |
|
IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein.